On the underestimated effect of the starch ash on the characteristics of low cost ceramic membranes

Abstract

Starches are commonly used as a pore generator in the fabrication of low-cost ceramic membranes, since they are cheap, innocuous, environmentally friendly and easy to burn. Nevertheless, the influence of starches residues (ashes) generated during its burning off is dismissed. The present study analyses the influence of the starch ashes, generated by six different starches of similar particle size, on the characteristics of low-cost ceramic supports. The results indicated that starches gave rise to different amounts of ashes ranging from 0.17 to 0.71 wt%. In addition, these ashes contained some chemical elements in their composition, such as sodium, potassium or calcium, which can act as fluxes in the ceramic composition, modifying the characteristics of the obtained supports (mainly open porosity, water permeability and pore size distribution). It has also been observed that when the ash content grows the effect of the fluxing elements on the evolution of the microstructural features of the ceramic membrane (porosity, pore size or permeability) becomes more significant. Finally, tortuosity was calculated with a simple model derived from the Hagen–Poiseuille equation; the obtained data showed that tortuosity factor and its evolution with dwelling time were also affected by the starch ashes.