Source identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater through enantiomeric profiling
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Otros documentos de la autoría: Estévez Danta, Andrea; Montes, Rosa; Bijlsma, Lubertus; Cela, Rafael; Celma, Alberto; González-Mariño, Iria; Miró, Manuel; Gutmann, Vanesssa; Pérez de San Román Landa, Unai; Prieto Sobrino, Ailette; Ventura, Mireia; rodil, rosario; Quintana, José Benito
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Título
Source identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater through enantiomeric profilingAutoría
Fecha de publicación
2021-10-06Editor
ElsevierCita bibliográfica
ESTÉVEZ-DANTA, Andrea, et al. Source identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater through enantiomeric profiling. Water Research, 2021, vol. 206, p. 117719.Tipo de documento
info:eu-repo/semantics/articleVersión
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPalabras clave / Materias
Resumen
Amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) occur in wastewater not only as a result of illicit consumption, but also, in some cases, from prescription drug use or by direct ... [+]
Amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) occur in wastewater not only as a result of illicit consumption, but also, in some cases, from prescription drug use or by direct drug disposal into the sewage system. Enantiomeric profiling of these chiral drugs could give more insight into the origin of their occurrence. In this manuscript, a new analytical methodology for the enantiomeric analysis of amphetamine-like substances in wastewater has been developed. The method consists of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which showed low quantification limits in the 2.4–5.5 ng L−1 range. The LC-MS/MS method was first applied to characterize a total of 38 solid street drug samples anonymously provided by consumers. The results of these analysis showed that AMP and MDMA trafficked into Spain are synthesized as racemate, while MAMP is exclusively produced as the S(+)-enantiomer. Then, the analytical method was employed to analyse urban wastewater samples collected from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of five different cities in 2018 and 2019. Consumption estimated through normalized population loads in wastewater showed an increased pattern of AMP use in the Basque Country. Furthermore, the enantiomeric profiling of wastewater samples was contrasted to lisdexamfetamine (LIS) and selegiline (SEL) prescription figures, two pharmaceuticals which metabolize to S(+)-AMP, and to R(-)-AMP and R(-)-MAMP, respectively. From this analysis, and considering uncertainties derived from metabolism and adherence to treatment, it was concluded that LIS is a relevant source of AMP in those cases with low wastewater loads, i.e. up to a maximum of 60% of AMP detected in wastewater in some samples could originate from LIS prescription, while SEL does not represent a significant source of AMP nor MAMP. Finally, removal efficiencies could be evaluated for the WWTP (serving ca. 860,000 inhabitants) with higher AMP influent concentrations. The removal of AMP was satisfactory with rates higher than 99%, whereas MDMA showed an average removal of approximately 60%, accompanied by an enrichment of R(-)-MDMA. [-]
Publicado en
Water Research, Vol. 206, November 2021Entidad financiadora
MINECO/MICINN/AEI | Galician Council of Culture, Education and Universities | FEDER/ERDF | Generalitat Valenciana | Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
Código del proyecto o subvención
CTM2016-81935-REDT | CTM2017-84763-C3-2-R | CTM2017-84763-C3-1-R | CTM2017-84763-C3-3-R | PID2020-117686RB-C32 | PID2020-117686RB-C31 | PID2020-117686RB-C33 | ED481D-2017/003 | ED431C-2017/36 | ED481A-2020/258 | ED431C 2021/06 | Prometeo 2019/040 | BES-2016-076914
Derechos de acceso
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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