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Are EU standards detrimental to Africa’s exports?
Kareem, Fatima Olanike; Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada Elsevier (2020-06-15)The high costs of complying with standards adversely affect export competitiveness. Existing evidence suggests that the harmonisation of standards to international benchmarks reduces compliance costs and is less trade-inhibiting, ... -
European Union Market Access Conditions and Africa’s Extensive Margin of Food Trade
Kareem, Fatima Olanike; Brümmer, Bernhard; Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada Wiley (2017)This paper examines the impact of two European Union (EU) market access regulations in the food sector presumed to simultaneously affect firms’ decisions to export food products to the EU. We analysed EU pesticide standards ... -
Protecting health or protecting imports? Evidence from EU non-tariff measures
Kareem, Fatima Olanike; Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Brümmer, Bernhard Elsevier (2018-01)Non-tariff measures such as food safety standards are aimed at protecting consumers' health but may also be used as protectionism tool to limit imports. This study investigates the protectionist intent of EU food safety ... -
What Drives Africa's Inability to Comply with EU Standards? Insights from Africa's Institution and Trade Facilitation Measures
Kareem, Fatima Olanike; Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Brümmer, Bernhard Springer (2022-08-10)Over the years, there have been a significant number of Africa’s food exports rejected at the European Union (EU) borders due to their non-compliance with EU food safety standards. This paper, therefore, provides an in-depth ...