Dilute-and-shoot approach for the high-throughput LC-MS/MS determination of illicit drugs in the field of wastewater-based epidemiology
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comunitat-uji-handle2:10234/33596
comunitat-uji-handle3:10234/33597
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Title
Dilute-and-shoot approach for the high-throughput LC-MS/MS determination of illicit drugs in the field of wastewater-based epidemiologyDate
2024-06-08Publisher
Elsevier; IWA PublishingISSN
0043-1354Bibliographic citation
Gracia-Marín, Elisa, et al. "Dilute-and-shoot approach for the high-throughput LC-MS/MS determination of illicit drugs in the field of wastewater-based epidemiology." Water Research (2024): 121864.Type
info:eu-repo/semantics/articleVersion
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionSubject
Abstract
The determination of illicit drugs in urban influent wastewater (IWW) enables the monitoring of spatial and temporal drug usage trends and assessment of community lifestyle habits. The increasing number of wastewater ... [+]
The determination of illicit drugs in urban influent wastewater (IWW) enables the monitoring of spatial and temporal drug usage trends and assessment of community lifestyle habits. The increasing number of wastewater surveillance studies has emphasized the necessity for the development of rapid, high-throughput methods that maintain high quality data. This work evaluates the use of a dilute-and-shoot methodology, based on direct injection (DI) of centrifuged samples, as an alternative approach to the widely applied sample pre-treatment based on solid-phase extraction, for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of seven widely consumed illicit drugs and their metabolites in IWW (amphetamine; cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine; ketamine; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); methamphetamine; cannabis metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCsingle bondCOOH); heroin metabolite, 6-acetylmorphine (6-MAM)). Comparison of both approaches in terms of matrix effects, sensitivity and accuracy, demonstrates the DI method suitability to correctly quantify these analytes in IWW, with a limit of quantification lower than 30 ng L−1 for most compounds. After validation of the method and participation in an interlaboratory exercise, the DI method was applied to the analysis of 54 IWW samples collected from different Spanish wastewater treatment plants. Additionally, quality controls were incorporated in each analysis batch to support the DI method applicability and robustness. The use of a 10 μL-DI reduces time-consuming sample preparation, analysis time and measurement uncertainty. Moreover, it supports green chemistry by reducing the consumption of organic solvents and it facilitates logistics by collecting, transporting, and storing less sample volume. The methodology is therefore especially appropriate for monitoring illicit drugs in large wastewater-based epidemiology sampling campaigns or when fast near real-time results are needed. [-]
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Water Research 259 (2024) 121864Related data
Data will be made available on request.Funder Name
Generalitat Valenciana | Universitat Jaume I | MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 | ESF Investing in your future
Project code
Research Group of Excellence Prometeo 2019/040 | UJI-B2022–16 | RYC2020–028936-I
Rights
0043-1354/© 2024 The Author(s).
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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