The embodiment of wastewater data for the estimation of illicit drug consumption in Spain
Impacte
Scholar |
Altres documents de l'autoria: Bijlsma, Lubertus; Picó, Yolanda; Andreu, Vicente; Celma, Alberto; Estévez Danta, Andrea; González-Mariño, Iria; Hernandez, Felix; López de Alda, Miren; López-García, Ester; Marcé-Recasens, Rosa Maria; Miró, Manuel; Montes, Rosa; Pérez de San Román Landa, Unai; Pitarch, Elena; Pocurull, Eva; Postigo, Cristina; Prieto Sobrino, Ailette; Rico, Andreu; Rodil, Rosario; Valcárcel, Yolanda; Ventura, Mireia; Quintana, José Benito
Metadades
Mostra el registre complet de l'elementcomunitat-uji-handle:10234/9
comunitat-uji-handle2:10234/7013
comunitat-uji-handle3:10234/8638
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INVESTIGACIONMetadades
Títol
The embodiment of wastewater data for the estimation of illicit drug consumption in SpainAutoria
Data de publicació
2021Editor
ElsevierISSN
0048-9697; 1879-1026Cita bibliogràfica
BIJLSMA, Lubertus, et al. The embodiment of wastewater data for the estimation of illicit drug consumption in Spain. Science of The Total Environment, 2021, vol. 772, p. 144794Tipus de document
info:eu-repo/semantics/articleVersió de l'editorial
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720383273Versió
info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersionParaules clau / Matèries
Resum
Data obtained from wastewater analysis can provide rapid and complementary insights in illicit drug
consumption at community level. Within Europe, Spain is an important country of transit of both cocaine and cannabis. ... [+]
Data obtained from wastewater analysis can provide rapid and complementary insights in illicit drug
consumption at community level. Within Europe, Spain is an important country of transit of both cocaine and cannabis. The quantity of seized drugs and prevalence of their use rank Spain at the top of Europe.
Hence, the implementation of a wastewater monitoring program at national level would help to get better understanding of spatial differences and trends in use of illicit drugs. In this study, a national wastewater campaign was performed for the first time to get more insight on the consumption of illicit drugs within
Spain. The 13 Spanish cities monitored cover approximately 6 million inhabitants (12.8% of the Spanish population). Untreated wastewater samples were analyzed for urinary biomarkers of amphetamine,
methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, and cannabis. In addition, weekend samples were monitored for 17 new psychoactive substances. Cannabis and cocaine are the most consumed drugs in Spain, but geographical variations showed, for instance, comparatively higher levels of methamphetamine in Barcelona and amphetamine in Bilbao , with about 1-fold higher consumption of these two substances in such metropolitan areas. For amphetamine, an enantiomeric profiling was performed in order to assure the results were due to consumption and not to illegal dumping of production residues. Furthermore,
different correction factors for the excretion of cannabis were used to compare consumption estimations.
All wastewater results were compared with previously reported data, national seizure data and general population survey data, were a reasonable agreement was found. Daily and yearly drug consumption were extrapolated to the entire Spanish population with due precautions because of the uncertainty associated.
These data was further used to estimate the retail drug market, where for instance cocaine illicit consumption alone was calculated to contribute to 0.2-0.5% of the Spanish gross domestic product (ca.3000-6000 million Euro/year). [-]
Publicat a
Science of The Total Environment, 2021, vol. 772, p. 144794Entitat finançadora
Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Consejo Gallego de Cultura, Educación y Universidades | Generalitat Valenciana | Generalitat de Catalunya | Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | BES-2016-076914 | Universitat Jaume I | Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | IJCI–2017–33465 | European Regional Development Fund
Codi del projecte o subvenció
CTM2016-81935-REDT | CTM2017-84763-C3-1-R | CTM2017-84763-C3-2-R | CTM2017-84763-C3-3-R | CTM2017-90890-REDT | RTI2018-097158-B-C31 | CEX2018-000794-S | ED431C-2017/36 | ED481A-2020/258 | ED481D-2017/003 | 2018/150 | 2019/040 | 2017 SGR 01404 | SA-2018-780 | CEX2018-000794-S | UJI-B2018-55)
Drets d'accés
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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