Screening of some banned aromatic amines in textile products from Indian bandhani and gamthi fabric and in human sweat using micellar liquid chromatography

Abstract

Certain dyes in textile products, which are capable of reductively splitting into carcinogenic aromatic amines, are strictly controlled in many countries. A simple, rapid, sensitive and green chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 4-aminophenol (4-AMP), p-phenylenediamine (p-PPD) and benzidine (BNZ), banned aromatic amines in dyeing clothes and human sweat. The separation was achieved using a micellar mobile phase of 0.1 M SDS, 4% 1- butanol (v/v) buffered to pH 7 with sodium dihydrogen phosphate, flowing under isocratic mode at 1 mL/min through a C18 column. Photodiode array detector was set at 210 nm. Using the above chromatographic conditions, 4-AMP, p-PPD and BNZ were eluted at 3.5 min, 4.7 min. and 5.4 min., respectively, adequately resolved. The method was validated by Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology guideline for the industry in terms of selectivity, calibration curve, linearity (r2 = 0.999), trueness (relative bias, −3.5 to 7%) precision (relative standard deviation, <8.5%), and robustness of selected compounds. This method was sensitive enough for the routine analysis of aromatic amine in textile material with limit of detection in the (0.01 to 0.04 μg/mL range and limit of quantification (0.03–0.13 μg/mL). The method was successfully applied to dyed clothes and sweat samples. The main advantage of the developed method is the easy extraction step of the analytes from incurred samples without any further cleanup, which reduces per sample analysis cost and the total time of analysis. The developed method could easily replace regular chromatographic technique used for their detection.