Analytical investigation of cannabis biomarkers in raw urban wastewater to refine consumption estimates
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Title
Analytical investigation of cannabis biomarkers in raw urban wastewater to refine consumption estimatesAuthor (s)
Date
2022-08Publisher
Elsevier; IWA PublishingISSN
0043-1354Bibliographic citation
Marina Celia Campos-Mañas, Natan Van Wichelen, Adrian Covaci, Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Christoph Ort, Frederic Béen, Sara Castiglioni, Félix Hernández, Lubertus Bijlsma, Analytical investigation of cannabis biomarkers in raw urban wastewater to refine consumption estimates, Water Research, Volume 223, 2022, 119020, ISSN 0043-1354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119020. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135422009666)Type
info:eu-repo/semantics/articleVersion
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionSubject
Abstract
Wastewater analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) biomarkers can provide essential
information on trends in cannabis consumption. Although analysis is mostly focused on
the aqueous phase, previous studies have ... [+]
Wastewater analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) biomarkers can provide essential
information on trends in cannabis consumption. Although analysis is mostly focused on
the aqueous phase, previous studies have illustrated the need of improving the
measurements of raw influent wastewater (IWW) considering also suspended solids. This
is important for cannabis biomarkers, because a substantial part of them is expected to be
found in the suspended solids due to their more lipophilic character compared with other
metabolites/drugs included in these types of studies. However, it remains open to which
extent trend estimates might be affected by solely analysing the liquid phase. To
investigate this aspect, robust analytical methodologies are required to measure both the
liquid and solid phases of IWW. In this work, we firstly tested liquid-liquid extraction
(LLE) for THC and its major metabolites (THC-OH, and THC-COOH). Using LLE, no
filtration or centrifugation step was required for raw IWW analysis, and the three analytes
were extracted from both the liquid and the solid phase simultaneously. In parallel, the
raw IWW was centrifuged and the obtained solid and liquid phases were analyzed
separately: the liquid phase by both LLE and solid phase extraction (SPE) for comparison
of data, and the suspended solids by solid-liquid extraction (SLE). The separate analysis
of both phases in a number of samples revealed that a significant amount of cannabis
biomarkers (ranging from 42 to 90%) was found in the suspended solids. In addition, the
total amount of cannabis biomarkers obtained by analysing raw IWW on the one hand,
and by separate analysis of the liquid and the solid phases, on the other hand, was in good
agreement. Data from this study show that the sole analysis of the liquid phase would
lead to a notable underestimation of cannabis biomarkers concentrations in IWW. [-]
Is part of
Water Research, Volume 223, set., (2022)Funder Name
Generalitat Valenciana | Universitat Jaume I | Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital | European Union’s Justice Programme — Drugs Policy Initiatives EuSeME
Project code
Prometeo 2019/040 | FJC-2019-039912-I | 861602
Project title or grant
Química analítica y salud pública. Aportaciones de la espectometría de masas de alta resolución | Contratación de Marina Celia Campos Mañas como investigadora de las ayudas Juan de la Cierva - formación 2019 | EUSEME-Europe-wide sewage analysis to monitor emerging drug problems
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info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
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