Use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco in Spain and Portugal during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 as measured by wastewater-based epidemiology
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INVESTIGACIONMetadatos
Título
Use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco in Spain and Portugal during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 as measured by wastewater-based epidemiologyAutoría
Fecha de publicación
2022Editor
ELSEVIERISSN
0048-9697Cita bibliográfica
ESTÉVEZ-DANTA, Andrea, et al. Use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco in Spain and Portugal during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 as measured by wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 155697.Tipo de documento
info:eu-repo/semantics/articleVersión
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPalabras clave / Materias
Resumen
The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly worldwide in the year 2020, which was initially restrained by drastic mobility restrictions. In this work, we investigated the use of illicit drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, ... [+]
The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly worldwide in the year 2020, which was initially restrained by drastic mobility restrictions. In this work, we investigated the use of illicit drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, cocaine and cannabis), and licit substances of abuse (alcohol and tobacco) during the earlier months (March–July 2020) of the pandemic restrictions in four Spanish (Bilbao and its metropolitan area, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Castellón and Santiago de Compostela) and two Portuguese (Porto and Vila do Conde) locations by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The results show that no methamphetamine was detected in any of the locations monitored, while amphetamine use was only detectable in the two locations from the Basque Country (Bilbao and its metropolitan area and Vitoria-Gasteiz), with high estimated average usage rates (700–930 mg day−1 1000 inhabitant−1). The remaining substances were detected in all the investigated catchment areas. In general, no remarkable changes were found in population normalized loads compared to former years, except for cocaine (i.e. its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine). For this drug, a notable decrease in use was discernible in Castellón, while its usage in Porto and Santiago de Compostela seemed to continue in a rising trend, already initiated in former years. Furthermore, two events of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) dumping in the sewage network were confirmed by enantiomeric analysis, one in Santiago de Compostela just prior the lockdown and the second one in the Bilbao and its metropolitan area in July after relieving the more stringent measures. The latter could also be associated with a police intervention. The comparison of WBE with (web) survey data, which do not provide information at a local level, points towards contradictory conclusions for some of the substances, thereby highlighting the need for stable WBE networks capable of near real-time monitoring drug use. [-]
Publicado en
Science of The Total Environment Volume 836, 25 August 2022, 155697Entidad financiadora
Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Consellería de Cultura de Galicia, Educación e Universidades | Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas | Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Next Generation EU | Generalitat Valenciana | Fundación Vital (Vitoria-Gasteiz) | Ayuntamiento de Vitoria-Gasteiz
Código del proyecto o subvención
MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 | CTM2016-81935-REDT | PID2020- 117686RB-C32 | PID2020-117686RB-C31 | ED481A-2020/258 | ED431C 2021/06 | 2020I009 | RD21/ 0009/0012 – RIAPAd Network | Research Group of Excellence Prometeo 2019/040
Derechos de acceso
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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