Necesidades de formación detectadas por enfermeras de una unidad de cuidados intensivos: un estudio fenomenológico.

Abstract

Introducción: Las competencias que abordan en su entorno laboral las enfermeras de cuidados intensivos (UCI), han aumentado con la adquisición de nuevas responsabilidades asociadas a cuidados y dispositivos a realizar al paciente crítico. Múltiples estudios avalan la necesidad de la especialización de las enfermeras que trabajan en este tipo de unidades. Apoyado en estas evidencias, la European Federation of Critical Care Nurse, recomienda unificar la formación de las enfermeras de cuidados intensivos. Por tanto, nos planteamos el siguiente objetivo: valorar las necesidades formativas que detectan las enfermeras de UCI a través de sus vivencias y experiencias profesionales. Método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo, con enfoque fenomenológico, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada donde se estudiaron los 4 ámbitos que la European Federation of Critical Care Nurse recoge (clínico, profesional, gestión y educativo). Se entrevistaron a 15 enfermeras de una UCI polivalente. Resultados: Los entrevistados reconocen que la formación previa era deficiente para los cuidados y medidas de soporte que tuvieron que afrontar. Consideran que la formación posterior y la experiencia fueron determinantes para poder desarrollar efectivamente su labor profesional. Además afirman que las medidas de soporte y los cuidados son temas a desarrollar continuamente mediante una formación dirigida.

Introduction: The competences of intensive care (ICU) nurses in their healthcare environment, have increased with the acquisition of new responsibilities associated with new care and devices for critical patients. Many studies suggest the need for specific training of nurses that work in these units. Based on this evidence, the European Federation of Critical Care Nurses Associations, recommends unifying the training of intensive care nurses. Therefore we set ourselves the following objective: to assess the training needs detected by ICU nurses through their experience and practical knowledge. Method: Descriptive qualitative study, with a phenomenological approach, through semistructured interview where the four areas (clinical practice, professional, management and educational) covered by the European Federation of Critical Care Nurses Associations were studied. Fifteen nurses from an adult polyvalent ICU were interviewed. Results: The interviewees acknowledged that the previous training was deficient for the care and support measures that they had to face. They considered that subsequent training and experience were decisive in order to carry out their work effectively. They also stated that support measures and care are topics to be developed continuously through targeted training. Conclusion: The nurses in this research study acknowledged that training is needed to achieve the competences required in ICU, and these are affected by the type of unit and patients.