Stabilization of Nanoparticles Produced by Hydrogenation of Palladium–N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes on the Surface of Graphene and Implications in Catalysis

Abstract

Palladium nanoparticles (NPs) have been obtained by decomposition of well-defined palladium complexes noncovalently anchored onto the surface of reduced graphene oxide. Morphological analysis by microscopy showed the presence of small palladium NPs homogeneously distributed on the support. Characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that palladium NPs contain Pd(2+) and Pd(0) oxidation states and the presence of N-heterocyclic carbene and bromo ligands. The catalytic properties of the NPs with and without the support have been evaluated in the hydrogenation of alkynes. Supported palladium NPs showed increased activity versus the nonsupported ones and could be recycled up to 10 times without the loss of catalytic activity. The composition of the palladium NPs is different for each catalytic cycle indicating a dynamic process and the formation of different catalytic active species. On the contrary, the unsupported palladium NPs showed limited activity caused by decomposition and could not be recycled. The role of the support has been investigated. The results indicate that the support influences the stability of palladium NPs.