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Investigation of cannabis biomarkers and transformation products in waters by liquid chromatography coupled to time of flight and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
dc.contributor.author | Boix Sales, Clara | |
dc.contributor.author | Ibáñez, Maria | |
dc.contributor.author | Bijlsma, Lubertus | |
dc.contributor.author | Sancho, Juan V | |
dc.contributor.author | Hernandez, Felix | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2015-06-12T07:57:15Z | |
dc.date.available | 2015-06-12T07:57:15Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2014-03 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 0045-6535 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10234/123283 | |
dc.description.abstract | 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) is commonly selected as biomarker for the investigation of cannabis consumption through wastewater analysis. The removal efficiency of THC-COOH in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been reported to vary between 31% and 98%. Accordingly, possible transformation products (TPs) of this metabolite might be formed during treatment processes or in receiving surface water under environmental conditions. In this work, surface water was spiked with THC-COOH and subjected to hydrolysis, chlorination and photo-degradation (both ultraviolet and simulated sunlight) experiments under laboratory-controlled conditions. One hydrolysis, eight chlorination, three ultraviolet photo-degradation and seven sunlight photo-degradation TPs were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-QTOF MS). In a subsequent step, THC-COOH and the identified TPs were searched in wastewater samples using LC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with triple quadrupole. THC-COOH was found in all influent and effluent wastewater samples analyzed, although at significant lower concentrations in the effluent samples. The removal efficiency of WWTP under study was approximately 86%. Furthermore, THC-COOH was also investigated in several surface waters, and it was detected in 50% of the samples analyzed. Regarding TPs, none were found in influent wastewater, while one hydrolysis and five photo-degradation (simulated sunlight) TPs were detected in effluent and surface waters. The most detected compound, resulting from sunlight photo-degradation, was found in 60% of surface waters analyzed. This fact illustrates the importance of investigating these TPs in the aquatic environment. | ca_CA |
dc.format.extent | 8 p. | ca_CA |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | ca_CA |
dc.language.iso | eng | ca_CA |
dc.publisher | Elsevier | ca_CA |
dc.relation.isPartOf | Chemosphere Vol. 99, 2014 | ca_CA |
dc.rights | Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V | ca_CA |
dc.rights.uri | http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ | * |
dc.subject | Cannabis biomarkers | ca_CA |
dc.subject | Wastewater | ca_CA |
dc.subject | Surface water | ca_CA |
dc.subject | Removal efficiency | ca_CA |
dc.subject | Transformation/degradation products | ca_CA |
dc.subject | Time-of-flight mass spectrometry | ca_CA |
dc.title | Investigation of cannabis biomarkers and transformation products in waters by liquid chromatography coupled to time of flight and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry | ca_CA |
dc.type | info:eu-repo/semantics/article | ca_CA |
dc.identifier.doi | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.007 | |
dc.rights.accessRights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | ca_CA |
dc.relation.publisherVersion | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301388X# | ca_CA |
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