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dc.contributor.authorBoix Sales, Clara
dc.contributor.authorIbáñez, Maria
dc.contributor.authorBijlsma, Lubertus
dc.contributor.authorSancho, Juan V
dc.contributor.authorHernandez, Felix
dc.date.accessioned2015-06-12T07:57:15Z
dc.date.available2015-06-12T07:57:15Z
dc.date.issued2014-03
dc.identifier.issn0045-6535
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10234/123283
dc.description.abstract11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) is commonly selected as biomarker for the investigation of cannabis consumption through wastewater analysis. The removal efficiency of THC-COOH in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been reported to vary between 31% and 98%. Accordingly, possible transformation products (TPs) of this metabolite might be formed during treatment processes or in receiving surface water under environmental conditions. In this work, surface water was spiked with THC-COOH and subjected to hydrolysis, chlorination and photo-degradation (both ultraviolet and simulated sunlight) experiments under laboratory-controlled conditions. One hydrolysis, eight chlorination, three ultraviolet photo-degradation and seven sunlight photo-degradation TPs were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-QTOF MS). In a subsequent step, THC-COOH and the identified TPs were searched in wastewater samples using LC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with triple quadrupole. THC-COOH was found in all influent and effluent wastewater samples analyzed, although at significant lower concentrations in the effluent samples. The removal efficiency of WWTP under study was approximately 86%. Furthermore, THC-COOH was also investigated in several surface waters, and it was detected in 50% of the samples analyzed. Regarding TPs, none were found in influent wastewater, while one hydrolysis and five photo-degradation (simulated sunlight) TPs were detected in effluent and surface waters. The most detected compound, resulting from sunlight photo-degradation, was found in 60% of surface waters analyzed. This fact illustrates the importance of investigating these TPs in the aquatic environment.ca_CA
dc.format.extent8 p.ca_CA
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfca_CA
dc.language.isoengca_CA
dc.publisherElsevierca_CA
dc.relation.isPartOfChemosphere Vol. 99, 2014ca_CA
dc.rightsCopyright © 2015 Elsevier B.Vca_CA
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/*
dc.subjectCannabis biomarkersca_CA
dc.subjectWastewaterca_CA
dc.subjectSurface waterca_CA
dc.subjectRemoval efficiencyca_CA
dc.subjectTransformation/degradation productsca_CA
dc.subjectTime-of-flight mass spectrometryca_CA
dc.titleInvestigation of cannabis biomarkers and transformation products in waters by liquid chromatography coupled to time of flight and triple quadrupole mass spectrometryca_CA
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleca_CA
dc.identifier.doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.007
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessca_CA
dc.relation.publisherVersionhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301388X#ca_CA


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