A Domain-Speciﬁc Modelling Language for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a strategic critical subject in many business processes, since enterprises not only need to provide good products or services, but they also have to demonstrate that they are environmentally and socially responsible. In this context, enterprises should use appropriate computer systems in order to manage CSR ensuring the adoption of best practices with the aim of obtaining competitive advantages. On the other hand, Model-Driven Engineering is a proven and accepted paradigm that provides sound mechanisms to develop quality and reliable computer systems in an eﬃcient way starting from business models. The main results presented in this paper are a CSR Metamodel and a CSR UML Proﬁle that provide a Domain-Speciﬁc Modelling Language (DSML) to represent CSR. This DSML supports the design of CSR Computer Independent Models (CIM) that are the starting point for Model-Driven Engineering development. To propose this DSML to represent CSR we analysed international standards, guides and regulations on CSR and we reviewed CSR strategies developed by diﬀerent companies in order to deﬁne the artifacts of the CSR Metamodel. Finally, a practical case study using this DSML is provided in order to improve and to validate the deﬁned CSR Metamodel, and to show how to apply the proposal in an actual company.


Introduction
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implies that managers must be responsible for the consequences of their actions not only in front of stakeholders but also in front of society [1]. This idea has gained importance in recent years and it has become a need for enterprises beyond a competitive advantage [2]. 15 Many factors contribute to this increasing demand. First, governmental organisations are working on mandatory policies, regulations and reporting regarding sustainability, human rights and ecological commitments [3]. Moreover, an increasing social pressure regarding ecological, ethical and sustainable behaviours drives companies to initiate or improve actions in the field of CSR 20 with more or less success [4]. Finally, studies that show how companies improve their results by implementing CSR actions and policies [5] encourage other companies to include actions in its company's strategy.
As a consequence, enterprises all over the world are concerned with the management and disclosure of their actions on CSR considering many standards and 25 regulations that international organisations publish and promote [6,7,8]. However, enterprises usually apply ad hoc processes integrated with their control 2 management systems [9] or connect CSR results with quality management indicators [10], but they generally do not use specific computer systems to manage CSR. 30 Information systems and ICT must be continuously aligned with the CSR strategy in order to provide the necessary technological support to accomplish regulations and to manage CSR processes and actions efficiently [5,11]. Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is a way to produce software which tries to establish links between conceptual and technological levels, not only with approaches 35 like the OMG's proposal Model Driven Architecture (MDA) [12], but also as Grammarware [13] and others [14]. The application of MDE [15] to implement CSR Computer Systems could provide advantages such as, for example, a more efficient way to develop a computer system, or the capability to incorporate new requirements from the conceptual level where users are more comfortable 40 performing enterprise models [16].
In this field, there are a lot of Enterprise Modelling Languages suitable to model enterprise dimensions like processes, product, organisation or decisions at conceptual level [17,18]. There are also other initiatives such as Unified Enterprise Modelling Language (UEML) which tries to make these languages 45 more interoperable [19]. However, there is no specific modelling language to represent CSR, although some researchers agree that CSR is a key issue which should be modelled in the same way as other enterprise dimensions in order to obtain some of the benefits of MDE [20] as for instance, advantages for interoperability and portability [21,22,23]. 50 Therefore, it would be useful to define a Domain-Specific Modelling Language (DSML) to develop enterprise models focused on the CSR dimension.
This DSML would be suitable for: (1) representing how enterprises currently manage CSR; (2) identifying what CSR improvements are needed in business reengineering projects; and (3) applying MDA to implement computer systems 55 to manage CSR actions and information in an integrated way.
The research work presented in this paper, jointly with the proposal of an Agile Model-Driven Methodology to guide the implementation of CSR Computer Systems, are the two phases included in the project we carried out to define a Model-Driven CSR Framework [20]. The methodology enables the application 60 of Model-Driven Engineering to generate CSR Computer Systems. The definition of the CSR Metamodel, described in this paper, provides a Domain-Specific Modelling Language for CSR (DSML4CSR) that can be used to develop models at conceptual level and apply the aforementioned methodology.
Regarding the method of work used in this stage of the project, we applied a 65 systematic proposal to identify strategic requirements [24] that was conducted out by means of a review of the domain. Therefore, we analysed some recognised international standards on CSR [6,7,8], newer research works in CSR and current practices on CSR management in actual companies, in order to identify the concepts of this metamodel. 70 The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 describes a literature review focused on Model Driven Engineering as a paradigm useful to develop computer systems from business models and metamodelling background. Section 3 shows the method of work used to conduct the research presented in this paper.
Section 4 collects the domain analysis performed in order to obtain the require-75 ments for the metamodel. In Section 5, we define a CSR Conceptual Map to understand the requirements, the CSR Metamodel and the CSR UML Profile in order to implement th DSML4CSR. Finally, Section 6 outlines the final step of the method of work showing a case study as a proof of concept for the validation of the CSR Metamodel, and Section 7 outlines the main conclusions of 80 the research.

Model-Driven Engineering
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is a software development paradigm that can be useful to develop integrated computer information systems [25,26,27].

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The main objective of this paradigm is to promote the use of models and their transformations in order to generate maintainable software that can easily in-4 corporate new requirements and evolve at the same time as new needs arise [15].  [29] or Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) [30] are based on the same MDE principles, but they provide different standards and technical spaces to generate software from models [31]. 95 Despite, all these proposals, in [32] it is stated that MDE is not well applied in industry since there is no general purpose tools.
MDA suggests a framework that defines models at three levels of abstraction: Computation Independent Model (CIM), Platform Independent Model (PIM), and Platform Specific Model (PSM). These models are obtained by 100 successive transformations from CIM to PIM and, from PIM to PSM. As it is demonstrated, this approach improves portability, interoperability and reusability through architectural separation of concerns [12]. Particularly, these advantages are more interesting when we want to generate software from enterprise CIM models [33]. 105 Therefore, the task of developing enterprise models has more benefits than just those derived from the definition of Vernadat [18], that defines Enterprise Modelling (EM) as the art of externalising enterprise knowledge with several purposes. Examples of these benefits are supporting computer systems development, providing understanding to apply business processes re-engineering, and 110 enabling better analysis of information and workflows among others.
Enterprise Modelling Languages (EML) allow engineers to develop models to represent the enterprise from different points of view such as organisational perspective, processes, decisions, product, information, etc. In this context, some initiatives, as for example GRAI [34] or CIMOSA [35], were carried out around 115 the 80s in order to provide suitable EMLs to model enterprises at conceptual level, which could be considered as CIM models into the MDA domain [36].
Other research works based on the aforementioned EMLs, such as UEML [19,37] or POP* [38,39], have performed an effort to make EMLs more interoperable, when it is needed to exchange or integrate enterprise models represented 120 with different EMLs.
On the other hand, the Engelsman's proposal [40], based on the existing standard for enterprise modelling: the ArchiMate [41], provides a modelling language focused on a specific field. Its objective is to model high-level goals from the stakeholders' perspective. Although this proposal can fit some of the 125 CSR needs regarding goals and allows to represent stakeholders concerns and assessments, there are CSR aspects that cannot be explicitly represented. The objective of the work included in this paper is to provide a specific representation tool, closer to the business people that manage CSR, focused not only on goals, but also on processes, information, stakeholders, policies and all the key issues 130 that CSR management requires.
Although the business research community defines theoretical and business CSR models [42] and frameworks that are useful to suggest ways or patterns to perform CSR management, there are no proposals in the context of EMLs that allow to represent CSR conceptual models as they are needed for MDA 135 application [20].
A specific EML for CSR should provide artifacts and an adequate semantic and a syntax to represent the components and behaviour of this new asset. Therefore, it would be useful to define a Domain-Specific Modelling Language (DSML) [32] for CSR modelling and, taking into account the fundamentals of the 140 modelling languages, the first step would be to define a metamodel which could identify relevant concepts and their relationships regarding the CSR domain and management [25].

Metamodelling for specific domains
Models need to be expressed in a modelling language, (for example UML for 145 design models or programming languages for source code models) if we aim to transform models following MDA. Metamodels are the way which the syntax and semantics of these modelling languages are expressed [43,44]. 6 In this context, a metamodel can make statements (some expression about the system under study that can be considered true or false) about what can be 150 expressed in the valid models of a certain modelling language [45]; or a metamodel can also be defined as a model of a language of models [14]. Therefore, a metamodel defines a modelling language, and the instances of a metamodel are models of that modelling language.  [46]. In this research work, the MDA framework has been chosen in order to define the CSR Metamodel.
On the other hand, UML provides the mechanism of the profiles that can be 165 useful to extend the UML language itself and provide a DSML. In this sense, some initiatives based on UML for modelling different enterprise dimensions have been developed providing a DSML that allows performing specific enterprise models on these dimensions [47]. In particular, there are some implementations derived from UEML and POP* Metamodels, such as Unified En-170 terprise Competence Modelling Language (UECML) [48], or 'UML2 Profile for Enterprise Knowledge' [49], devoted to competence based enterprise modelling or modelling enterprise knowledge respectively. There are other studies non-UEML based, as for example [50], in which a metamodel is used to maintain traceability of requirements of data warehouse from CIM to PIM.

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A UML profile to represent safety-related concepts, based on regulations and international standards is showed in [51]. This UML profile defines a DSML that allows software engineers to develop safety-related specific models. The authors show how this profile facilitates the communication among all the stakeholders that participate in projects concerning the development of software aspects of 180 aerospace systems.
Further research in the health domain, in particular in HL7 standards as presented in [52], defines a solution in order to support software engineers for modelling real problems in UML and then to transform into HL7 Models.
Regarding CSR domain, there are proposals to model CSR as for instance 185 [53]. This research work provides a conceptual framework to analyse the integration and maturity of one enterprise regarding CSR issues, however it does not provide a modelling language for this specific domain. Other works, like the research shown in [54] presents the analysis of usefulness of diverse modelling methods for sustainable development but not a DSML to model CSR.

Method of work
In this section we describe the research work performed and the method of work we adopted to develop the final DSML4CSR proposed.

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Aiming to propose a metamodel that allows to define a DSML to develop CSR models, we needed to identify which concepts must be included as artifacts in that metamodel. Consequently, the first step was to identify data and functional requirements to manage CSR. In order to achieve this partial goal we adapted an empirical method of work taking into account research proposals 205 and formal methods and techniques for requirements elicitation.
To define the steps and techniques used in our research we considered and reviewed: (1) formal methods and techniques for requirements elicitation as best 8 practices identification and benchmarking [55,56]; (2) research works regarding research methods as for instance [24] where the authors propose a process to 210 define requirements focused on enterprise goals. This proposal is suitable to identify requirements for strategic issues, and CSR is considered a strategic concern for companies [57]; and (3) the results of some of our previous research works which focused on defining enterprise requirements [58,59].
In particular, we improved the process defined by [24] including specific 215 steps of requirements elicitation and an Action Research approach [60] used in some of our previous research works. First of all, we develop a domain analysis considering standards and regulations, research results in CSR and also, the analysis of current practices in a set of companies. Then, we analysed the results and developed a conceptual map to clarify the concepts. This conceptual map 220 set the basis to develop the metamodel and the UML profile. The steps and activities we followed to obtain the results presented in this paper were (see • Research trends and best practices review: analysis of research works which helped to identify new trends, best practices and proposals on CSR.
• Current practices survey: selection of some representative compa-230 nies that already develop CSR management and disclosure to identify and to analyse current practices, specific items and concepts used by these companies.
• Data interpretation: identification and organisation of the data results obtained from previous domain review that are considered 235 the CSR requirements. • UML Profile definition: implementation of the metamodel by a CSR UML profile that provides the DSML for CSR. 245

Validation
• Proof of concept: design of a CIM CSR Model applying the DSML4CSR to validate the proposal feasibility using a case study.
• Improvement: application of the modelling language to represent current practices in a case study provides feedback about the pro-250 posal's feasibility and allows to identify gaps and improvements. Dif-ferent iterations must be performed by reusing the results obtained from the application to enrich the CSR Metamodel as well as the CSR UML Profile.
The following sections describe in detail how each step was implemented and 255 which are the obtained results.

Corporate Social Responsibility standards and regulations review
CSR was defined by [1] as the responsibility that enterprises have not only at economic or legal levels but also in front of society. Although CSR is a broad 260 concept and there have been many definitions, there is consensus in considering that CSR intends to align the three P's (TBL-Triple Bottom Line) of a company: Profit, People and Planet [61].

Many international organisations have developed rules, recommendations
and standards on CSR to guide its implementation. To identify the meta-of an organisation for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society and 280 the environment, through transparent and ethical behaviour that: • Contributes to sustainable development, including health and the welfare of society.
• Takes into account the expectations of stakeholders.
• Is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international 285 norms of behaviour.
• Is integrated throughout the organisation and practised in its relationships.
ISO 26000 is organised in seven clauses, where clause 6 includes the guidance on social responsibility core subjects. These seven core subjects are: (i) Reviewing and considering these ISO 26000 core subjects can be an efficient tool to recognise important aspects and set priorities in CSR management.

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On the other hand, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is an organisation that promotes the use of sustainability reporting as a way for organisations to become more sustainable and contribute to sustainable development [7,62]. This organisation has developed, and continuously improved, a Sustainability Reporting Framework involving representatives from business, labour, civil 300 society and financial markets, as well as experts in different fields and in communication with governmental agencies in several countries. This freely available framework includes the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines and sets out the Principles and Standard Disclosures that organisations can use.
The most current generation of the Guidelines is the version G4, that in-305 cludes the Specific Standard Disclosures and organises the indicators that the report must consider. These indicators are organised in three categories: Economic, Environmental and Social, which include the aspects that enterprises need to define and measure. Considering this proposal each company can define the specific concerns to include in its CSR report. Corruption. This guide enhances that companies must boost business processes and actions to establish a commitment with sustainability and the ten principles defined in the guide, as well as the annual report of results.

Research trends and best practices review 320
To improve the domain analysis we considered other research works performed regarding CSR management in order to find best practices and new trends that were worth to consider. These research works come mostly from the accounting and social area, where there is a very prolific research community [65]. 325 After enumerating and classifying many research works regarding CSR management, in [66] the author proposes a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) to measure the impact of applying good CSR activities from a company perspective. One of the main goals of this work is to approach research and business points of view. The author identifies five benefits that companies can obtain O'Connor [67] proposes a framework to organise CSR concepts as indicators 335 and issues. This proposal is useful to review and improve concepts included in our metamodel because they define a full spectrum of concerns and candidate indicators in different contexts.

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The work described in [68] defines indicator and measurement systems for specific sectors. This approach is interesting because it shows how CSR is 340 addressed differently depending on the sector, size, or country among other aspects also to be considered.
There are works like [9] that provide assessment on how to manage and control CSR, considering Management Control Systems (MCS) already implemented in companies. This work in particular analyses different companies in 345 order to evaluate how they measure, perform and report CSR activities. The result of the analysis shows that many companies use their MCS to manage CSR, in an ad-hoc approach, including procedures to achieve their current CSR management needs. The development of specific computer systems to manage CSR using MDA will provide an agile integration of current management systems 350 with new functionality.
In [69] the authors define a strategy to communicate CSR results, taking into account not only consumer views, but also company and CSR strategies. This proposal is useful regarding the final model implementation which must include the functionality and data necessary to provide stakeholders with accurate and 355 reliable information.
Research is another important sector where CSR can be considered as a strategical issue. For instance, the European Commission Research and Innovation programme, Horizon 2020 [70] shows the strong commitment on the European Union, that has proposed a program that sets up the basis to include CSR

Current CSR practices survey
We selected some well known companies, from different sectors, that already 370 develop good policies on CSR, in order to analyse the CSR-related activities they are performing, which policies and methods they are using to disseminate results and if they use the standards and guidelines reviewed previously. All the companies evaluated have specific information about CSR or Sustainability in their corporate webs and the information used is freely available. We  Table 1). We considered companies from different industrial sectors and also two nongovernmental organisations, so that we obtained a wider range of CSR management perspectives. The actions and policies on CSR performed by these companies were com-380 pared with the principles, actions and performance indicators proposed by the main existing standards on CSR (see Table 2 and Table 3) with the aim of identifying a common set of elements to make up the metamodel to characterise CSR, and also other differential aspects that these companies could perform regarding CSR.
385 Table 2 points out the relationship between the main core subjects proposed by the ISO 26000 and the companies analysed. It shows the three main core categories identified as core subjects: economic, social and environmental. It also details the main issues of each core subjects and establishes the correspondences to identify the issues used by these companies.

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In a similar way, Table 3

Data interpretation 395
After analysing the standards, the research proposals, and the current practices performed by some representative companies, we concluded that CSR implementation means to adopt policies and standards in order to improve, modify or create new business processes, produce adequate information and provide tools to disseminate the results of the applications of these policies and the 400 execution of the processes.
In conclusion, aiming to define and organise the concepts and artifacts of the CSR Metamodel we identified the following issues: • The Triple Bottom Line (Profit, People, and Planet), to organise the concepts because it is paramount to provide accurate aggregations considering 405 the three P's.
• The concepts, terms, definitions, principles, practices and the core subjects proposed the ISO 26000 in its clause number 6.
• The UN Global Compact principles to identify areas where CSR can be considered: Human Rights, Labour, Environment and Anti-Corruption.

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• The GRI recommendations and its categories, Economic, Environmental and Social, to organise how to disclose the information and what performance indicators are needed. Report guidelines, as well as report contents, must be considered in order to define which concepts must be included in the CSR Metamodel.

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• Concepts like processes, actions indicators and measurements that appear in all the standards we reviewed.
• Aspects regarding who participates or those who are responsible for CSR processes: internal and external stakeholders, who are identified in all the reviewed proposals.  The main conclusions regarding the comparison of current practises were three: (1) CSR is a wide concept and each enterprise needs to identify their objectives and specific actions according to its strategy and features, hence the need to define a methodology to guide enterprises in its implementation

CSR Conceptual Map creation
In order to facilitate the interpretation of the domain analysis and the elicitation activity, we developed a CSR Conceptual Map (see Figure 2)  that control the execution of the actions included in the planning processes; and disclosure, that are the processes needed to report and provide information about the actions and their results.
• People (Who) represents both the stakeholders involved, and those who are responsible for the results and management of the actions included in 460 the processes.
• Document (Result) means all the reports and information generated in any type of support, either to disseminate the information or to present results for official bodies. First, this concept includes the plan as the document that brings together everything the company wishes to do in CSR. And 465 second, it shows the concept report that considers all the disclosure results that the company must provide according to standards and regulations adopted and laws that must be enforced.

CSR Metamodel design
The CSR Metamodel is defined from the concepts identified in the domain  • Model : this class represents groups of CSR diagrams that can be designed to model CSR issues.
• ModelElement: it is an abstract class that represents the generic concepts that enterprises need to manage, taking into account their 480 CSR strategy. A Model is composed by at least one or by many ModelElements.
• Node: it represents a subset of ModelElements that are useful to represent anything, any fact or any concept needed to manage CSR.
• Arc: this class represents the specific ModelElements which are used 485 to connect nodes.
2. CSRElements: this package includes the specific CSR objects defined to represent CSR diagrams.
• CSRObject: it represents a subset of the class Node that can be used to represent common concepts managed in enterprises regarding their 490 CSR strategy.
• Principle: this class is a type of CSRObject that represents a set of CSR management initiatives based on CSR standards, laws ans regu- lations. An instance of Principle is implemented by many processes.
• Plan: this class is a type of CSRObject, an instance of this class 495 explains what processes (when, how, and by whom) need to be performed to accomplish the strategic objectives regarding the CSR principles.
• Process: this class is a type of CSRObject, an object of this class represents a sequence of interdependent organised activities defined 500 to support CSR. A process can be classified as planning, management or disclosure. An instance of Process: is implemented based on one or many principles, is part of one plan, is composed by one or many actions,

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is defined to accomplish one or more objectives, is one person's (an instance of people) responsibility.
• People: this class is a type of CSRObject that represents the set of roles involved in CSR management. An instance of People can be a stakeholder reported with none or many documents and can be 510 responsible for none or many processes.
• Document: this class is a type of CSRObject. Each object of this class represents a group of structured and organised in an specific template data. A Document can be composed by many other documents or none, it can be provided to many people, it is obtained 515 from one process execution, and it shows Information's instances.
• Objective: this class represents the goals that a company defines in order to develop its CSR processes. Many processes can be defined based on an objective.
• Action: this class represents the set of tasks that a company defines 520 in order to perform its CSR processes. Each action is included in a process. An action is assessed defining many indicators.
• Information: an object of this class represents data generated by actions execution, or provided by other external sources. An instance of Information can be in the composition of many documents 525 or none, can be generated by many actions execution or none (external sources).
• Indicator: this class represents the measurable variables defined to assess the actions performance. An indicator can evaluate many actions and can provide many results. This class is a type of Infor-530 mation.
• Result: this class represents the set of values obtained from the indicators measurement. A result is obtained only from an indicator.
• ProcessType: this enumeration specifies the process classification proposed regarding CSR project needs.

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• DimensionType: this enumeration specifies the types of CSR actions, regarding the Triple Bottom Line.
• PeopleType: this enumeration specifies the types of participants identified, such as the person responsible for the processes and other external actors that can use information from CSR actions.

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• DocumentType: this enumeration specifies the types of CSR Documents to support CSR management and disclosure.
• PrincipleType: this enumeration classifies the initiatives that can be mandatory, such as laws, recommendations, standards, or company internal policies.

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The enumerations are defined considering the concepts elicited from the standards and guides analysed. Although there are seven ISO 26000 core concepts, we only considered three issues in the DimensionType following the TBL, because all these ISO 26000 core concepts can be re-organised in these three.

CSR UML Profile definition
We extended the capabilities of UML defining a UML profile that defines the Domain-Specific Modelling Language for CSR (DSML4CSR) in order to provide an implementation of the CSR Metamodel. Figure 4 shows the diagram of this profile performed with MagicDraw [79], which is called 'CSR UML Profile'.

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Each CSR Metamodel element extends a UML constructor in order to create the 'CSR UML Profile': where all the other concepts are included.
• People extends the metaclass Actor, since stakeholder or responsible person are similar concepts to those represented by an actor in UML.
• The concepts Process, Principle, Objective, Action, Indicator, and Document extend the metaclass Class. They can be used as basic ele-570 ments of the CSR diagrams representing sets of objects that have different attributes.
• Information and Result extend Property, taking into account that they are characteristics of the class Document and Indicator.
This profile allows to use the CSR Metamodel as a DSML4CSR, which result 575 is a CSR Model. The CSR Model obtained by means of this language makes 25 possible to get several CSR Diagrams of an enterprise. For example, Figure   5 shows the CSR Model of Pamesa Cerámica 1 for the Environmental Action Plan. However this model could included more CSR Diagrams to represent other enterprise plans. Once, the CSR Model of an enterprise is completed we 580 could consider that it defines the CSR Map of this enterprise. Therefore, the CSR Map of an enterprise, as a site map represents the structure of a web, would show the main processes, people, indicators, etc. of this enterprise related to CSR.  We reviewed Pamesa's CSR initiatives in previous tasks included into the research project carried out to develop a Model-Driven CSR Framework [20].

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This project provides among others, two main results: 1 are described in the current paper.
We applied the methodology processes in earlier stages of the project to the particular CSR Pamesa's initiatives and we validated and improved some aspects of its CSR management. In more detail, as the result of the first process of the methodology, Strategic Planning (P1), we completed a Pamesa's CSR Action 620 Plan [78] that is partially included in this paper (see Table 5). Regarding the execution of the second process of the methodology, CSR Modelling (P2), we developed a first version of the CSR Model using UML. But this model was rather simple and all the concepts were represented by classes with no differential characteristic. As a result, we considered defining a DSML4CSR to 625 develop models that show specific CSR aspects and that make it easier to design CSR Models at CIM level.
In order to validate if this DSML4CSR is useful we considered two conditions as evaluation criteria: • The proposed DSML4CSR allows to represent the company CSR manage-630 ment concepts and issues as UML artifacts.
• The obtained CSR CIM model can be used to represent, analyse and improve the company CSR business processes and policies.
Taking into account the fulfilling of the project processes, their results and the DSML4CSR proposed in this paper, we developed a second version of the 635 Pamesa's CSR Model using the DSML4CSR (see Figure 5).
Pamesa's CSR Action Plan (see Table 5) includes: strategic objectives, actions, responsible persons and indicators. The CSR diagram obtained represents these concepts and their relationships, not only using graphic icons closer to the real world, but also providing specific characteristics that support a better un- tablished among the concepts, where can problems be and they can identify of Document that had to be recorded in order to provide a documented action plan. Nevertheless, after trying to represent a CSR diagram regarding Pamesa's

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CSR Action Plan, we noticed that some main aspects were missing, and we considered that Plan should be represented as an independent concept that leads the company's strategy and links all the other artifacts.

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Finally, it is worth detailing some learned lessons obtained from this case study: • These models are a good starting point to characterise and improve CSR processes.
• The development of models as case studies following this DSML4CSR can 670 be a sound facility to provide best practices on CSR to many companies that need support to implement CSR policies.
• The use of the DSML4CSR contributes to review if a company already performs CSR policies according to international standards and regulations, which can be mandatory in a short term.

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• Designing CIM models is the first step to apply the Model-Driven Engineering paradigm to the development of CSR Computer Systems.

Obtained results
CSR is extensively discussed in the literature and it is supported by many 680 standards and regulations, but it is still an abstract issue and companies apply heterogeneous processes and different internal policies to implement its management.
There are well accepted regulations and recommendations on CSR that can guide enterprises in the management and communication of their policies, plans 685 and results in this subject. However, companies find it difficult to manage the information, plans and policies needed as well as to disseminate their results in CSR. Enterprises need not only a guide to implement CSR plans and policies, but also a computer system aligned with other information systems that addresses the CSR processes, data and information dissemination. 690

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CSR must be considered from the technological, human and organisational point of view in order to develop computer systems that take into account specific CSR processes and reporting of information. In this sense, one of the benefits of the CSR Metamodel is that it proposes a non-abstract set of elements to represent how CSR can efficiently be managed. Moreover, we observed during 695 the development of the research project that people responsible for managing CSR are usually not engineers and have few modelling skills. Therefore we need to provide them a tool easy to use and a friendly design environment.
To achieve this goal, we chose a UML Profile to implement the modelling tool and we defined icons closer to real objects for representing the artifacts.

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Adopting this solution, first, we did not need to develop the whole metamodel, but only the package corresponding to the specific elements related to CSR.
And second, we can use a representation closer to people responsible of CSR management that will feel more comfortable representing CSR Models.
The CSR Metamodel and the 'UML Profile for CSR' presented in this paper  The DSML4CSR can be used as an Enterprise Modelling Language to obtain enterprise models focused on the CSR dimension. The models subsequently obtained could be used, among many other applications: • To make the knowledge about CSR explicit both inside and outside the enterprise. This issue is very important especially in CSR domain since 715 social dimension and communication are actual needs implicit in good CSR practices.
• To improve CSR knowledge and management. This modelling language benefits CSR process management since the CSR models make visible the AS-IS situation and facilitate the analysis of which should be the TO-BE 720 33 scenario.
• To apply MDA on specific CSR models with the aim of obtaining more maintainable CSR Computer Systems that allows to record, validate, consult, evaluate and analyse results on CSR.
7.2. Limitations of the work and future research 725 We can declare that the proposed CSR Metamodel meets many of the needs a company has to manage CSR, although we will develop new case studies to improve aspects regarding other domains. Moreover, more experiences related to the transformation from CIM to PIM are needed in order to improve the quality of CSR Computer Systems.

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The model can have some limitations as well as many other models. Business people used to be reluctant to this kind of models. If we propose and use models easy to understand, close to their concerns they will realise that the gap between research and real-word is getting smaller.
The work described in this paper stops at the creation of the computer 735 model, but we proposed this approach because it is useful when requirements can change and the users include new needs. The MDA approach and the use of CIM Models have the advantage that issues related to CSR are modelled at conceptual level and quickly technology changes do not affect these models.
Our future research work is focused on the use of the DSML4CSR in some Regarding the method of work included in this paper we will review the steps and include a Action Design Research Approach [84]. This approach 750 takes into account that the IT artifacts can emerge from the interaction with organisational context. This situation can provide new and good inputs to the metamodel and the proposed DSML4CSR. Actually we think that the stages that this methodology sets up can improve some of the steps and the results of the methodology we used.

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The company feedback was also important to improve the proposal. We consider that it is necessary to review new assets, policies and approaches that should require new artifacts in the metamodel design. Furthermore, as new technology products arise in the management of strategic activities, the managers involved realise that they can obtain more information to improve their 760 decisions and results and identify new requirements. Therefore, these models and the computer systems must continuously evolve. This is one of the reasons that justifies the use of MDA.